Abstract:
Background: Prozone means false-negative or false-low results in antigen-antibody reactions, due to an excess of
either antigen or antibody. The present study prospectively assessed its frequency for malaria rapid diagnostic tests
(RDTs) and Plasmodium falciparum samples in an endemic field setting.
Methods: From January to April 2010, blood samples with P. falciparum high parasitaemia (≥ 4% red blood cells
infected) were obtained from patients presenting at the Provincial Hospital of Tete (Mozambique). Samples were
tested undiluted and 10-fold diluted in saline with a panel of RDTs and results were scored for line intensity (no
line visible, faint, weak, medium and strong). Prozone was defined as a sample which showed no visible test line or
a faint or weak test line when tested undiluted, and a visible test line of higher intensity when tested 10-fold
diluted, as observed by two blinded observers and upon duplicate testing.
Results: A total of 873/7,543 (11.6%) samples showed P. falciparum, 92 (10.5%) had high parasitaemia and 76 were
available for prozone testing. None of the two Pf-pLDH RDTs, but all six HRP-2 RDTs showed prozone, at
frequencies between 6.7% and 38.2%. Negative and faint HRP-2 lines accounted for four (3.8%) and 15 (14.4%) of
the 104 prozone results in two RDT brands. For the most affected brand, the proportions of prozone with no
visible or faint HRP-2 lines were 10.9% (CI: 5.34-19.08), 1.2% (CI: 0.55-2.10) and 0.1% (CI: 0.06-0.24) among samples
with high parasitaemia, all positive samples and all submitted samples respectively. Prozone occurred mainly, but
not exclusively, among young children.
Conclusion: Prozone occurs at different frequency and intensity in HRP-2 RDTs and may decrease diagnostic
accuracy in the most affected RDTs.
